Axial rotation (AR) greatly depends on C1–C2. C4–C5 and C5–C6 were the major FE contributors in the reported studies, exceeding the motion contribution of sub-adjacent segments. Among healthy/asymptomatic individuals, flexion extension (FE) and lateral bending (LB) are mainly facilitated by the subaxial cervical spine. Although the majority of the studies identified repeating motion patterns for most motion planes, discrepancies associated with limited sample sizes and different imaging techniques and/or spine configurations, were noted. As far as the degenerative conditions are concerned, kinematic data regarding disc degeneration and spondylolisthesis were available. Data was obtained through a systematic MEDLINE search including studies on angular/translational segmental motion contribution, range of motion, coupling and center of rotation. This includes an illustrated description of the spectrum of physiological cervical spine kinematics, followed by a comparable presentation of kinematics of the degenerative cervical spine. The authors aimed to summarize and compare the evidence about cervical spine kinematics under healthy and degenerative conditions. During the last decades, numerous studies based on diverse methodologies attempted to elucidate spinal mobility in different planes of motion. Distinguishing between physiological and pathological motion patterns can help diagnose these diseases, plan surgical interventions and improve relevant tools and software. Knowledge of spinal kinematics is essential for the diagnosis and management of spinal diseases.
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